Suvremeni farmaceutski oblici željeza za oralnu i parenteralnu primjenu

professional thesis

• Author: Marijana Brozović
• Mentor: Ivan Pepić (mentor)
• Committee member: Dubravka Vitali Čepo (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Ivan Pepić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Marijana Erceg (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; (Department of pharmaceutical technology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2018-04-13, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Pharmacy; Pharmacy

Abstract

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA
Željezo je ključan element u funkcioniranju svih stanica. Najbitnija funkcija je prijenos kisika do svih stanica. Osim toga ključan je za djelovanje nekih enzima i proteina.
Manjak željeza u ljudskom organizmu i anemija, koja se javlja kao posljedica, predstavlja veliki javnozdravstveni problem. Posebno ugrožene skupine su djeca i žene generativne dobi a osobito u slabije razvijenim zemljama.
U liječenju anemije koriste se oralni i parenteralni pripravci. Oralni oblici prisutni su u terapiji već dvjestotinjak godina, ali parenteralni dobivaju na značenju zadnjih dvadesetak godina. Kako takva terapija ima svojih ograničenja i nuspojava cilj je razviti nove terapijske mogućnosti koje bi imale farmaceutsko-tehnološke (bolja stabilnost) i terapijske (bolji ishod terapije, smanjenje nuspojava, povećanje adherencije bolesnika) prednosti.
MATERIJALI I METODE
Literatura je pretraživana prema temi istraživanja, predmetu istraživanja, autorima i časopisu. Pretraživana je od općih prema specijaliziranim člancima pri čemu su odabirani članci relevantni za problematiku ovoga specijalističkog rada te su navedeni najvažniji rezultati i vlastita razmišljanja o proučavanoj problematici. Korištene su baze podataka ScienceDirect i PubMed.
REZULTATI
Zbog velikog javnozdravstvenog problema provodi se niz istraživanja predmetne problematike. Proučavaju se nove terapijske mogućnosti, uspoređuju one već postojeće s ciljem pronalska najboljeg rješenja za bolesnika.
Oralna terapija je u uporabi dugi niz godina, a proizvod koji je prvi došao na tržište (željezov sulfat) i danas je u primjeni. Ta činjenica govori u korist njegove sigurnosti i djelotvornosti. Oralna primjena općenito se smatra djelotvornom, sigurnom i jeftinom metodom nadoknade željeza te je stoga češće u upotrebi od parenteralne.
Parenteralni pripravci se sve više uvode u terapiju te se povećava broj indikacija za njihovu primjenu. U odnosu na oralnu primjenu imaju određene prednosti, ali i nedostatke.
Kako bi se prevladali nedostaci oba načina primjene željeza potrebno je razviti nove načine primjene. U tom smjeru se istražuju nanočestice i transdermalni način primjene željeza, ali danas još nema takvih pripravaka u komercijalnoj upotrebi.
ZAKLJUČAK
Terapija manjka željeza je uglavnom dugotrajna, a pri primjeni oralnih pripravaka važna je adherencija bolesnika. Pripravci koji se danas koriste u terapiji manjka željeza imaju određena ograničenja u primjeni te nuspojave.
Najbolja terapijska opcija je osigurati polagano i produljeno oslobađanje željeza iz farmaceutskog oblika s ciljem izbjegavanja prezasićenosti transferina i kontrole zaliha željeza u sistemskoj cirkulaciji.

Abstract (english)

OBJECTIVES Iron is a key element in the functioning of all cells. The most important function is oxygen transfer to all cells. In addition it is essential for the action of some enzymes and proteins. Iron deficiency in human organism and anemia, which is a consequence, is a major public health problem. Particularly vulnerable groups are children and women of childbearing age, especially in less developed countries.
Oral and parenteral preparations are used in the treatment of anemia. Oral forms have been present in therapy for two hundred years, but parenteral are gaining significance for the last twenty years. As such therapy has its limitations and side effects, the goal is to develop new therapeutic options that would have pharmacotherapeutic (better stability) and therapeutic (better outcome of therapy, decrease in side effects, increased adherence of the patient) benefits.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Literature was searched by research topic, research subject, authors and magazine. It was searched from the general to specialized articles where are selected the articles relevant to the issue of this specialty work and listed the most important results and own thinking about the studied problem. The ScienceDirect and PubMed databases have been used.
RESULTS
Due to the great public health problem a series of researches on the subject matter is being conducted. New therapeutic options are being studied, comparing those already existing with the goal of finding the best patient solution.
Oral therapy has been in use for many years, and the product that first came onto the market (iron sulphate) is still in use. This fact speaks for the benefit of its security and effectiveness. Oral administration is generally considered to be an effective, safe and inexpensive iron replacement method and is therefore more commonly used then parenteral use.
Parenteral preparations are increasingly being introduced into therapy and the number of indications for their use increases. In relation to oral administration, there are certain advantages and disadvantages.
In order to overcome the disadvantages of both methods of iron application it is necessary to develop new ways of application. In this direction, nanoparticles and the transdermal route of iron are investigated, but today no such preparations are commercially available.
CONCLUSION
Iron deficiency therapy is generally long-lasting, and patient adherence is important when using oral preparations. The preparations used today in iron deficiency therapy have certain limitations in the application like side effects.
The best therapeutic option is to provide slow and sustained release of iron from a pharmaceutical form to avoid saturation of transferin and iron stock control in systemic circulation

• Keywords: željezo; anemija; oralni pripravci; parenteralni pripravci; farmaceutski oblici
• Keywords (english): iron; anemia; oral preparations; parenteral preparations; pharmaceutical forms
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:163:918611
• Study programme: Title: Clinical pharmacy; Study programme type: university; Study level: postgraduate specialist; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a magistar/sveučilišna magistra kliničke farmacije (sveučilišni/a magistar/sveučilišna magistra kliničke farmacije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2019-03-06 14:22:25