Izazovi primjene parabena kao konzervansa u farmaceutskim oblicima lijekova i kozmetici

master's thesis

• Title (english): Challenges of parabens use as preservatives in pharmaceutical dosage forms and cosmetics
• Author: Petra Ukić
• Mentor: Mario Jug (mentor)
• Committee member: Mario Jug (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Viktor Pilepić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Željka Vanić (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; (Department of pharmaceutical technology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2024-01-23, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Pharmacy; Pharmacy

Abstract

Cilj ovog diplomskog rad je opisati djelovanje estera p-hidroksibenzoatne kiseline kao pomoćnih tvari koje dodaju različitim farmaceutskim oblicima te kozmetičkim proizvodima. Njihovom upotrebom postiže se odgovarajući rok trajnosti jer suzbijaju rast štetnih mikroorganizama. Osim kemijske stabilnosti i dobrog antimikrobnog učinka, parabeni pokazuju minimalni učinak na mikrobiom kože. Najzastupljeniji su u farmaceutskim oblicima i kozmetičkim pripravcima koji se primjenjuju na kožu. Prosječan dnevni unos parabena u odraslih osoba varira između 1 μg/kg iz hrane i 0.833 mg/kg preko kozmetičkih pripravaka za njegu, zaštitu, čišćenje te parfimiranje kože. S obzirom da se brzo metaboliziraju u netoksične metabolite, njihova primjena se smatra sigurnom. Međutim, kronična primjena proizvoda konzerviranih parabenima može dovesti do njihovog nakupljanja u tkivima, no zdravstveni rizik koji može proizaći iz toga još nije poznat. U in vitro uvjetima pokazana je estrogena aktivnost parabena, pa se sumnja da mogu doprinijeti rastu o estrogenu ovisnih tumora. No ovdje se mora istaknuti kako je estrogenska aktivnost parabena od 2,5 milijuna do 10 000 puta manja u odnosu na fiziološki prisutan estrogen. Nadalje, izloženost parabenima u kombinaciji s ultravioletnim zračenjem može potaknuti nastanak reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta u staničnim kulturama keratinocita, no in vivo je taj učinak upitan. Kombinacijom parabena s drugim tvarima može se smanjiti njihova količina u pripravku, što što vodi smanjenoj izloženosti parabenima. Danas raste svijest o potrebi razvoja učinkovitijih metoda za uklanjanje parabena iz otpadnih voda, kako bi se isključio njihov potencijalno nepovoljan utjecaj na vodene organizme i ekosustav općenito.

Abstract (english)

This thesis aims to describe the action of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters as preservatives added to various pharmaceutical forms and cosmetic products. Their use enables them to achieve an appropriate shelf life by suppressing the growth of harmful microorganisms. In addition to chemical stability and a good antimicrobial effect, parabens show a minimal effect on the skin microbiome. They are most represented in pharmaceutical dosage forms and cosmetic preparations that are applied to the skin. The average daily intake of parabens in adults varies between 1 μg/kg from food and 0.833 mg/kg via cosmetic preparations for skin care, protection, cleansing and perfuming. As they are quickly metabolized into non-toxic metabolites, their use is considered safe. However, chronic use of paraben-preserved products can lead to their accumulation in tissues, however, the health risk arising from that is yet unknown. The estrogenic activity of parabens has been demonstrated in vitro, so it is suspected that they may contribute to the growth of oestrogen-dependent tumours. However, it must be noted that the estrogenic activity of parabens is 2.5 million to 10,000 times lower than that of physiologically present oestrogen. Furthermore, exposure to parabens in combination with ultraviolet radiation can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species in keratinocyte cell cultures, but in vivo this effect is questionable. By combining parabens with other substances, their amount in the preparation can be reduced, which leads to reduced exposure to parabens. Today, there is a growing awareness of the need to develop more effective methods for removing parabens from wastewater, to exclude their potentially unfavourable impact on the aquatic organism and the ecosystem in general.

• Keywords: konzervansi; parabeni; sigurnost primjene; proestrogenski učinak
• Keywords (english): preservatives; parabens; application safety; proestrogenic effect
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:163:539757
• Study programme: Title: Pharmacy - integrated undergraduate and graduate - university study; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni magistar farmacije (sveučilišni magistar farmacije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2024-06-13 10:03:12