| Abstract | Problem pretilosti predstavlja globalni zdravstveni izazov s ozbiljnim rizicima za razvoj brojnih kroničnih bolesti poput dijabetesa tipa 2, kardiovaskularnih bolesti i metaboličkog sindroma. Prehrana ima ključnu ulogu u prevenciji i liječenju pretilosti, a visokoproteinska prehrana pokazuje značajan potencijal u regulaciji apetita i kontroli tjelesne težine . Ovaj rad daje prikaz dosadašnjih saznanja o utjecaju visokoproteinske prehrane na kontrolu apetita te prevenciju pretilosti. Mehanizmi kojima visokoproteinska prehrana djeluje na smanjenje apetita uključuju stimulaciju hormona sitosti poput kolecistokinina (CCK), glukagonu sličnog peptida-1 (GLP-1) i peptida YY (PYY). Navedeni hormoni sinergistički signaliziraju osjećaj sitosti smanjujući potrebu za unosom hrane. Istovremeno, razina grelina, hormona gladi, opada nakon unosa proteina, što dodatno doprinosi kontroli apetita. Osim anoreksigenog učinka na apetit, visokoproteinska prehrana potiče metaboličke procese poput glukoneogeneze, ketogeneze i termogeneze. Glukoneogeneza, proces sinteze glukoze iz neugljikohidratnih supstrata, zahtijeva značajnu energetsku potrošnju čime se povećava ukupna potrošnja energije organizma. Ketogeneza, koja nastaje pri smanjenom unosu ugljikohidrata, dovodi do stvaranja ketonskih tijela koja mogu poslužiti kao alternativni izvor energije, a također doprinose smanjenju osjećaja gladi. Termogeneza, metabolički odgovor povezan s probavom i metabolizmom hrane, dodatno doprinosi povećanju energetske potrošnje, osobito nakon konzumacije proteina zbog njihovog visokog termičkog učinka. Iako visokoproteinska prehrana donosi brojne koristi, uključujući povećanje osjećaja sitosti i energetske potrošnje, ona iskazuje i određene negativne učinke, poput povećanog opterećenja bubrega te potencijalnog gubitka kalcija i posljedičnog rizika za zdravlje kostiju, što zahtijeva daljnja istraživanja i opreznu primjenu. |
| Abstract (english) | The problem of obesity represents a global health challenge, posing serious risks for the development of numerous chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Nutrition plays a key role in both the prevention and treatment of obesity, and high-protein diets have shown significant potential in appetite regulation and weight control. This paper provides an overview of current knowledge on the effects of high-protein diets on appetite control and obesity prevention. The mechanisms by which high-protein diets contribute to appetite suppression include the stimulation of satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). These hormones work synergistically to signal satiety, reducing the need for food intake. At the same time, levels of ghrelin, the hunger hormone, decrease following protein consumption, further aiding appetite regulation. Beyond their anorexigenic effects, high-protein diets stimulate metabolic processes such as gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, and thermogenesis. Gluconeogenesis, the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates, requires significant energy expenditure, thereby increasing the body's overall energy consumption. Ketogenesis, which occurs when carbohydrate intake is reduced, leads to the production of ketone bodies that can serve as an alternative energy source while also contributing to reduced hunger. Thermogenesis, a metabolic response associated with digestion and food metabolism, further enhances energy expenditure, particularly after protein consumption due to its high thermic effect. Although high-protein diets offer numerous benefits, including increased satiety and energy expenditure, they also present certain potential drawbacks, such as increased kidney strain and the possible loss of calcium, which may pose a risk to bone health. These factors warrant further research and cautious implementation. |
