Citrinin u dodacima prehrani na bazi crvene riže - potencijalni rizik za zdravlje ljudi

master's thesis

• Title (english): Citrinin in red rice based food supplements - a potential risk to human health
• Author: Ivana Đurović
• Mentor: Maja Šegvić Klarić (mentor)
• Committee member: Maja Šegvić Klarić
• Committee member: Željan Maleš
• Committee member: Anita Hafner
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; (Department of microbiology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2015-07-07, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Pharmacy; Pharmacy

Abstract

Mikotoksini su toksični proizvodi sekundarnog metabolizma nekih vrsta plijesni. Jedan je od takvih toksičnih
produkata i citrinin (CTN). Proizvode ga vrste iz rodova Penicillium, Aspergillus i Monascus, a može se naći u
namirnicama biljnog podrijetla (pšenica, riža, ječam, kukuruz) te voću, povrću i voćnim sokovima. CTN je primarno
nefrotoksičan, a može također dovesti do oštećenja jetre ili koštane srži. IARC ga svrstava u kategoriju 3 kancerogenih
tvari. U ovom je radu CTN promatran kao moguće onečišćenje u dodacima prehrani s crvenom rižom te su
pretraživani znanstveni radovi čiji su autori ispitivali prisutnost CTN u komercijalno dostupnim pripravcima crvene
riže. Crvena riža nastaje procesom fermentacije riže (Oryza sativa) uz gljivice iz roda Monascus. U Aziji se
tradicionalno koristi kao bojilo za hranu i aromu te u narodnoj medicini za liječenje problema probave i cirkulacije
krvi. U suvremenoj je medicini prepoznata kao sredstvo za regulaciju povišenih vrijednosti kolesterola u krvi budući
da fermentacijom nastaje aktivna tvar - monakolin K. Brojne kliničke studije potvrdile su djelotvornost crvene riže u
terapiji hiperlipidemije. Međutim, ukoliko se proces fermentacije ne odvija pod kontroliranim uvjetima, može nastati
CTN. Istraživanja provedena u proteklih 5 - 10 godina pokazuju da su pacijentima dostupni preparati koji sadrže CTN,
a u nekim su pronađene i količine koje su znatno veće od onih koje su navedene u smjernicama, a propisane su na
temelju ispitivanja provedenih na životinjskim modelima. Smjernice su različite za pojedine dijelove svijeta budući da
zastupljenost mikotoksina ovisi o klimatskim uvjetima. U ovom je radu prisutnost CTN u ispitivanim uzorcima
uspoređivana sa smjernicama koje vrijede na području Europske unije.Dodatno, CTN se zajedno s drugim
mikotoksinima (uglavnom okratoksinom A) može naći i u hrani (žitaricama i voću) pa je dugoročnom primjenom
kontaminirane hrane povećana vjerojatnost za razvoj nefrotoksikoze, odnosno karcinoma bubrega. Proizvođači ovih
dodataka prehrani trebali bi kontrolirati prisutnost CTN u polaznim sirovinama, a u budućnosti bi trebala postojati
bolja zakonska regulativa za dodatke prehrani kako bi se pacijentima osigurala sigurnost u liječenju hiperlipidemije
crvenom rižom bez rizika nefrotoksičnog učinka CTN.

Abstract (english)

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. One of such toxic products is citrinin (CTN). CTN is
produced by several fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus and can be found
in foods of plant origin (wheat, rice, barley, maize), fruits and fruits juices. CTN is primary nephrotoxic but also can
cause liver damage and bone marrow damage. IARC has classified CTN in group 3 of carcinogens. In this study, data
on CTN as possible contaminant of food supplements with red yeast rice and scientific papers with CTN occurrence in
commercially available food supplements were discussed. Red yeast rice is fermented product of rice (Oryza sativa)
and Monascus spp. In Asia it is traditionally used as food colorant, flavour and in traditional Chinese medicine for
treating digestive problems and blood circulation. Modern medicine uses red yeast rice for regulation of elevated
blood cholesterol levels whereas active substance- monacolin K is the product of fermentation. Many clinical studies
confirmed effectiveness of red yeast rice in therapy of hyperlipidaemia. If fermentation process is not under controlled
conditions, CTN may occur as product. Studies conducted in the past 5-10 years show that the preparations containing
CTN are available to patients, and in some preparations amounts that are considerably higher than the concentration in
guidelines (based on tests carried out on animal models) were found. The guidelines are different for certain parts of
the world because the occurrence of mycotoxins depends on the climatic conditions.In this study, the presence of CTN
in the analysed samples was compared with the guidelines that apply in the European Union. In addition, CTN cooccur
with other mycotoxins, particularly ochratoxin A, which was confirmed in foods (grains and fruits). Thus, the long-term exposure through contaminated food may increase the possibility for developing nephrotoxicoses or kidney cancer. Manufacturers of these supplements should control the presence of CTN in raw material and in the future there
should be a better legal framework for dietary supplements in order to ensure the safety of patients in the treatment of
hyperlipidaemia using red rice without any risk of nephrotoxic effect of CTN.

• Keywords: citrinin; crvena riža; Monascus purpureus; dodaci prehrani; mikotoksini
• Keywords (english): citrinin; red yeast rice; Monascus purpureus; food supplements; mycotoxins
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:163:037838
• Study programme: Title: Pharmacy; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra farmacije (magistar/magistra farmacije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2016-01-19 16:01:50